In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Research indicates that, during fear conditioning, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by long-term potentiation, a sustained enhancement of signaling between affected neurons. There have been studies that show that damage to the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients with functional amygdala, showing that the amygdala has a strong connection with emotional learning.
Memories of emotional experiences imprinted in reactions of synapses in the lateral nuclei elicit fear behavior through neuronal connections with the central nucleus of the amygdalae and the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BNST). The axon terminals from sensory neurons form synapses with dendritic spines on neurons from the central nucleus. The central nuclei are involved in the genesis of many fear responses such as defensive behavior (freezing or escape responses), autonomic nervous system responses (changes in blood pressure and heart rate/tachycardia), neuroendocrine responses (stress-hormone release), etc. Damage to the amygdalae impairs both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a form of classical conditioning of emotional responses.
The amygdalae are also involved in appetitive (positive) conditioning. It seems that distinct neurons respond to positive and negative stimuli, but there is no clustering of these distinct neurons into clear anatomical nuclei. However, lesions of the central nucleus in the amygdala have been shown to reduce appetitive learning in rats. Lesions of the basolateral regions do not exhibit the same effect. Research like this indicates that different nuclei within the amygdala have different functions in appetitive conditioning
Amygdala volume correlates positively with both the size (the number of contacts a person has) and the complexity (the number of different groups to which a person belongs) of social networks.[55][56] Individuals with larger amygdalae had larger and more complex social networks. They were also better able to make accurate social judgments about other persons' faces.[57] It is hypothesized that larger amygdalae allow for greater emotional intelligence, enabling greater societal integration and cooperation with others.[58]
The amygdala processes reactions to violations concerning personal space. These reactions are absent in persons in whom the amygdala is damaged bilaterally.[59] Furthermore, the amygdala is found to be activated in fMRI when people observe that others are physically close to them, such as when a person being scanned knows that an experimenter is standing immediately next to the scanner, versus standing at a distance.[
putkonen kirjoitti:Onko tästä vielä tehty tutkimusta?:
Kumman sielu on suurempi? Punavihreiden vai konservatiivien?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland
koltti kirjoitti:putkonen kirjoitti:Onko tästä vielä tehty tutkimusta?:
Kumman sielu on suurempi? Punavihreiden vai konservatiivien?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland
Konservatiivien tietenkin. PV-rukat kun ovat psykopaatteja. Sitä ei käy kieltäminen etteikö konservatiivin sydän olisi musta, mätä ja kylmettenyt, mutta voittaa se silti ei-ollenkaan-sydämen. Tässä kun oli pelkästä koosta huuto.
putkonen kirjoitti:pidemmät kasvot
suurempi etäisyys silmien välillä
eloisa suu
vähemmän pyöreä leuka
koltti kirjoitti:putkonen kirjoitti:pidemmät kasvot
suurempi etäisyys silmien välillä
eloisa suu
vähemmän pyöreä leuka
Mikä mahtaa olla eloisa suu
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