Tässä joitakin poimintoja O.N. Korochkovan viimeisimmästä artikkelista vuodelta 2023. Abashevon kulttuuri levittäytyi sen mukaan Keski-Uralille, Serny Klyuchiin jo ennen Srubna-Alakulin ja Seima-Turbinon edustajia. Jos myöhäistä kantauralia puhuttiin Keski-Uralilla siihen aikaan, muutamat esi-indoiranilaiset lainasanat voisivat olla peräisin Serny Klyuchin abashevolaisilta.
O.N. Korochkova. (2023). Middle Trans-Urals and Western Siberia: From the Stone Age to the Metal Age.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sredn ... lla/viewer "On the eve of the Bronze Age, the mountain-forest Trans-Urals was experiencing a turning point, aggravated by the widespread peating of local lakes (Chairkina, 2005, p. 30), which sharply reduced fishing grounds and created threats to the food security of the region. The now obvious hiatus of the 3rd millennium BCE on the radiocarbon scale (Mosin, 2022, p. 175; Chairkina, Kuzmin, 2018, p. 132; Shorin, Shorina, 2021, p. 50) indicates a demographic crisis."
"On the territory of the Middle Trans-Ural region, the earliest episodes of the appearance of bronze tools and evidence of bronze metalworking dates back to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. We are talking about the monument of the Abashevo expedition Serny Klyuch (Borzunov et al., 2020), finds of typical Abashevo products – a spearhead with a forged socket from the outskirts of Yekaterinburg (Kosarev, 1981, fig. 28: 3), a hanging[?] axe from the VI Section of the Gorbunovsky peat bog near Nizhny Tagil (Eding, 1940, pl. 1, 3)."
"The appearance of the first bronzes of the Seima-Turbino type dates back to the same time. As particularly valuable evidence, one can consider a blade knife with a wooden handle from Section VI of the Gorbunovsky peat bog, the dating of which lies in the range of 2210–1970 BCE (Chairkina et al., 2014, p. 121, color illustration 3). An early position within the developed typology of Seima-Turbino bronzes is also occupied by a celt found in the vicinity of the city of Artemovsky (Korochkova et al., 2020, fig. 50: 7).
"Previously, we already had to speak out on the topic of the connection of these objects with the Karasyeozero episode of the Bronze Age (Korochkova et al., 2020, pp. 131–132). The original appearance of ceramics of the Karasyozersky type, the morphological, technological and ornamental features of which have no prototypes in the local environment, refers to the eastern circle of analogies (Tashkovo, Krotovo cultures)."
"The given examples [of bronze items and ceramics] indicate not only the movement of things, but also the movement of people from the west and east, and directly indicate the possibility of a fairly early development of the Trans-Ural deposits and the mastery of metal production technologies by the local population. However, such an optimistic conclusion seems somewhat premature. It is hardly possible to consider representatives of the Tashkov culture – its immediate eastern neighbors – as carriers of such knowledge. Their own experiences in copying complex technological operations, recorded in a number of settlements with a closed layout, according to experts, did not go beyond symbolic actions (Degtyareva et al., 2014, p. 23). The bearers of aboriginal cultures did not have sophisticated knowledge in the field of mining and metallurgy."
"The Abashevo contribution can be considered much more significant, but it does not seem to have become an incentive for the development of new technologies in the mountain-forest Trans-Urals at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. The only known monument of the Abashevo culture is the settlement of Serny Klyuch, 300 km away from the main area of the culture, which is perceived as an exceptional episode and is interpreted by the authors as evidence of a long-distance expedition (Borzunov et al., 2020, p. 128). Archaeological material does not record significant advances of groups of the Abashevo population into the territory of the Middle Trans-Urals."
"[T]he large-scale development of the metallurgical resources of the region dates back to the following period and coincides with the penetration into the taiga Trans-Urals of highly mobile pastoralists of the steppe belt – bearers of the early Alakul traditions of the late Bronze Age and the relatively later Seima-Turbino groups who had complex metal production technologies."
"In the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, these processes are reflected by the Koptyaki archaeological culture of the first third of the 2nd millennium BCE, the formation of which took place against the background of close integration of various cultural components: local autochthonous, alien Seima-Turbino, Alakul and, possibly, with the participation of groups of the Ural population. This conclusion stems from the analysis of the metal complex and ceramics of the supporting monument – the Shaitanskoye Ozero II sanctuary (Korochkova et al., 2020)."
"The absence of obvious traces of metallurgical production in the settlements of the Koptyaki culture is alarming. However, a number of indirect data based on the reconstruction of the shepherd model of metal production (Tkachev, 2020), and the presence of numerous evidence of connections between the bearers of the Koptyaki culture and production centers located on the territory of the Alakul culture, allow us to put forward a hypothesis about [similar developments here]. The shepherd model is based on seasonal and multi-stage cycles of mining and preparation of ore raw materials to obtain enriched concentrate on the territory of deposits (Bogdanov, 2020, pp. 9–10)."
"This picture corresponds to the nature of the archaeological sites of the Late Bronze Age in the area of the main deposits of the Ural-Mugodzharsky mining and metallurgical center (Tkachev, 2020, pp. 38–42), which reflect one of the initial technological cycles of mining and enrichment of ore material during the seasonal stay of pastoralists on summer pastures. The subsequent stages of refining, alloying and casting were carried out at stationary settlements (Bogdanov, 2020, p. 11). A similar model was probably implemented in the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, where the development of local ore occurrences was carried out by closely related groups of the population of adjacent territories."
"[The] multicomponent composition of the ceramic complex of the Shaitanskoe Lake II sanctuary (Korochkova et al., 2020, pp. 166–170), analogies of which are seen in the pottery traditions of the Alakul culture monuments of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, similar to the Koptyaki traditions in the Cis-Urals (Denisov et al., 2011) and the Tyumen Tobol region (Stefanov, Korochkova, 2000, Fig. 4), may indicate the participation of various population groups in the development of copper ore deposits of the Middle Urals, to which a few monuments of the Koptyaki culture are confined. [...] This scenario clarifies the extremely low population density of the mountain-forest Trans-Urals during the Koptyaki period, which is atypical for metalliferous cultures."
"The direction of cultural ties, the specifics of the metal tools produced here are largely dictated by the geographical location of large copper ore occurrences in the Middle Urals, the nature of other infrastructural features of the region, including rivers flowing in a latitudinal direction, which provided the western (Chusovaya River) and eastern (Iset, Pyshma, Tura, Miass) communication corridors (Fig. 1)."
"The presented situational model is largely hypothetical and requires verification. At the same time, it has significant interpretive capabilities and is updated with new archaeological materials and data from natural science analyses."
"Subsequently, the Central Ural Koptyaki-Seima center of metal production, judging by the extremely rare finds of metal products and actual monuments of the Bronze Age (Cherkaskul culture), passed into a latent stage, which was a consequence of the decline in interest of groups of the pastoral steppe population in development of taiga spaces. During this period of the Bronze Age, the latitudinal development of steppe and forest-steppe spaces in the eastern direction is clearly recorded, as evidenced by the dynamics of the formation of the extensive Andronovo and Andronoid communities (Korochkova, 2021)."
"The next explosion of mining, metallurgical production in the Middle Trans-Urals occurs in the last third of the 1st millennium BCE and is associated with the functioning of the Itkul center of metal production here, the formation of which was largely caused by the demand for metal from the steppe nomads (Beltikova, 2005, pp. 162–168)."
