Tiivistelmä Axel Palmérin esitelmästä, "Archaeolinguistic perspectives on the Proto-Indo-Iranian homeland", löytyy indoeuropeistipäivien tiivistelmäkirjasta (Book of Abstracts, XVII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft), sivuilta 95-96.
https://igfachtagung24.com/wp-content/u ... t_22-1.pdf"The correlation between the Proto-Indo-Iranian speech community and the Sintashta culture has become the communis opinio among Indo-Europeanists. But what evidence is this scenario actually based on? In this talk, I will present archaeolinguistic evidence from Indo-Iranian languages that does not fit the Sintashta culture, as opposed to the oft-cited Proto-Indo-Iranian chariot terminology. Based on this, I propose a more nuanced scenario, combining linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence. The most important archaeolinguistic evidence for the Sintashta homeland of Proto-Indo-Iranian has been the chariot terminology shared between Indo-Aryan and Iranian (Lubotsky 2023). However, only three, rather general, reconstructed chariot terms – *HratHa- ‘chariot’, *HratHiH- ‘chariot driver’ and *Hrathai-štaH- ‘chariot warrior’ – are found in both branches, all dependent on the assumption that the original referent of *HratHa- was a spoke-wheeled chariot and not some other vehicle. Conversely, the key technological vocabulary relating specifially to spoke-wheeled vehicles (e.g., ‘spoke’, ‘felly’, ‘rim’) is not shared between Indo-Aryan and Iranian. This situation may of course be a result of lexical replacement in one or both branches of Indo-Iranian, but in any case, the positive evidence for chariotry in the Proto-Indo-Iranian period is rather slim. Two Proto-Indo-European words for ‘pig’ may be reconstructed – *suH- and *porḱo-. A fact often ignored is that both words are continued in Indo-Iranian: the former in both branches and the latter only in Iranian. On the other hand, Kuz’mina (2007) argues that Indo-Iranian stockbreeding did not include pigs, which according to her matches the lack of pigs in the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures. However, this is clearly not the case. Quite the opposite: the lack of pigs presents a mismatch between the linguistic evidence and the Sintashta culture. Furthermore, the Proto-Indo-Iranian lexicon provides some, albeit rather limited, evidence for farming in the Proto-Indo-Iranian speech community (Kroonen et al. 2022). As there was no farming in the Sintashta culture, this presents a second mismatch between the linguistic evidence and the Sintashta culture. The problems with the Sintashta homeland are not only linguistic in nature. Genetically, the Sintashta population cannot explain the dispersal of Steppe-related ancestry to all modern Indo-Iranian speaking populations, because of a mismatch between the Y-chromosome haplogroups found in Sintashta and in India (Mascarenhas et al. 2015; Narasimhan et al. 2019). The subclade of the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup found in India rather seems to derive from populations related to the Abashevo culture. I argue that the Abashevo culture provides a plausible match for Proto-Indo-Iranian based on archaeolinguistic and genetic evidence. However, the chariot terminology, taken at face value, still ties Proto-Indo-Iranians to the Sintashta culture. However, I argue that the choice between the two cultures is a false dilemma, as they are clearly related archaeologically and genetically, and overlap both geographically and chronologically. The terms ‘Sintashta’ and ‘Abashevo’ are therefore likely purely archaeological, without direct correlation to, e.g., the transition from Pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Indo-Iranian. Rather, people following Sintashta or Abashevo cultural practices belonged to the same linguistic community, namely Proto-Indo-Iranian."
Samassa kirjassa on tiivistelmä Melanie Malzahnin esitelmästä, "Of Pigs and Indo-Europeans", jossa hän esittää, että sioilla ei ollut merkittävää roolia indoiranilaisten kulttuurissa: "In Indo-Iranian, however, pigs (and boars) play no special role or are even absent, in contrast to horses, cattle and sheep" (sivulla 81). Tämä ei kuitenkaan välttämättä koske indoiranilaisten varhaisia vaiheita Volgan metsäarolla, vaan vasta myöhempiä vaiheita arovyöhykkeellä, koska Malzahn ilmeisesti olettaa, että indoiranilaiset elivät koko ajan arolla, jossa sioilla ei ollut mahdollisuuksia menestyä: "the steppe climate — associated with the spread of the Proto-Indo-Iranian (and proto-Tocharian) people [...] — is inhospitable to both pig farming and to the wild boar (Roberts 2014: 151)."
(Länsi)uralilaisissa kielissä on joka tapauksessa sikaa tai villisikaa tarkoittava sana, joka olisi Sampsa Holopaisen väitöskirjan (2019: 313) mukaan lainattu jo kantaindoiranista:
Fi oras, oraisa, ora(i)nen, oroinen, oroisa ‘castrated boar’ (cognates in Ka and Ve); Mordvin M urəźi ‘boar’ (Zhivlov 2014: 139; UEW: 720)
< P(W)U *woraći or *woraća ‘pig, boar’
← PII *warāʒ́há- > OI varāhá- ‘boar, swine’, Av varāza- ‘Männchen des Schweins, Eber, in Verbindung mit dem Namen für Schwein’ (AiWb 1366; EWAia II: 514–515, s.v. varāhá-)
"The Indo-Iranian word does not have a good Indo-European etymology, and de Vaan (2000: 290–1) and Lubotsky (2001b: 312) consider this as a (substrate?) borrowing in Indo-Iranian. [...] This belongs to the interesting group of etymologically opaque Indo-Iranian words which have been borrowed into Uralic. The word must have been borrowed into Indo-Iranian rather early, especially if the West Uralic word really is a borrowing from Proto-Indo-Iranian. There are other clear loanwords from Indo-Iranian to Uralic with a similarly opaque etymological background."