Aiemmin mainittu tutkimus slaavien alkuperästä on julkaistu jo viime vuoden puolella ja Gretzinger jatkaa edelleen balttien ja slaavien geneettisen alkuperän selvittämistä tulevassa tutkimuksessa, jota on esitelty toukokuussa 2026 järjestetyssä konferenssissa. Sen lisäksi konferenssissa on esitelty toinen tutkimus, joka ei välttämättä liity baltteihin tai slaaveihin, mutta antaa silti tietoa siitä, minkälaista geeniperimää Ukrainan luoteisosassa oli pronssikauden loppupuolella.
Gretzinger, J., Biermann, F., Mager, H.
et al. (2025).
Ancient DNA connects large-scale migration with the spread of Slavs.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09437-6Gretzinger, J., Kozakaite, J., Domarkiené, I. , Jankauskas, R. & Hofmanova, Z.
Eastern Baltic ancestry and the formation of the Slavic-period gene pool.
POPGEN 2026 Conference, sivu 14. Population Genetics from the Baltic Perspective: Past Migrations and Relations.
Since the beginning of the Bronze Age, Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG)–enriched ancestry expanded repeatedly from Eastern Europe into Central Europe and the Balkans. Most recently, such movements have been linked to the presumed spread of Slavic material culture and language during the Early Middle Ages (from the 6th century CE onwards) [1]. Yet, despite the substantial and long-lasting cultural, linguistic, and genetic transformations associated with this expansion, the formation and origin of Slavic-period ancestry remain unresolved.
Here, we analyse newly generated and published genomic data from Iron Age and Roman-period skeletal material from Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. Using novel identity-by-descent (IBD)–based approaches to resolve fine-scale population structure, we show that Baltic-related ancestry formed primarily through admixture between Eastern Corded Ware–related and Central European Bell Beaker–related ancestry, with additional contributions from Ukraine Neolithic and Baltic Hunter-Gatherer–related groups that vary across regions. This process produced at least two distinct WHG-enriched ancestries, one predominant in Poland and another in the Baltic region.
During the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, western Baltic/Poland Bronze Age–related ancestry was widespread across archaeological groups in eastern Central Europe and the northern Balkans. This structure was later dissolved by an expansion of Scandinavian-related ancestry, spreading via Poland into Ukraine and ultimately into Hungary. In Poland and Ukraine, Scandinavian-related ancestry was subsequently replaced by eastern Baltic-related ancestry with additional Early European Farmer (EEF) and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (GHG)–related admixture. Importantly, neither Bronze Age nor Roman-period populations from Poland appear to have contributed substantial ancestry to Slavic-period individuals. This places the formation of the Slavic-period gene pool in a geographic and temporal context in which eastern Baltic-related ancestry could have admixed with EEF– and CHG-enriched ancestries, potentially mediated via groups from the eastern Balkan Peninsula.
Jos ymmärrän oikein, mitä yllä olevassa tiivistelmässä sanotaan, niin balttilaistyyppinen geeniperimä olisi syntynyt itäisen nuorakeramiikkakulttuurin ja Keski-Euroopan kellopikarikulttuurin perimien sekoittumisesta, ja mukaan olisi sekoittunut vielä Ukrainan ja Balttian alueen metsästäjä-keräilijöiden perimää. Sitten slaavien levittäytymisen aikaan Ukrainassa ja Puolassa voidaan havaita itäinen versio balttilaistyyppisestä perimästä, johon on kuitenkin sekoittunut aiempaa enemmän varhaisten eurooppalaisten maanviljelijöiden ja Kaukasuksen metsästäjä-keräilijöiden perimää.
Itäisen nuorakeramiikkakulttuurin ja Keski-Euroopan kellopikarikulttuurin perimien sekoittuminen saattaisi ehkä synnyttää sellainen geneettisen jatkumon, johon Pavel Flegontov viittasi jo vuonna 2023, kun hän kommentoi oman ryhmänsä vielä
julkaisematonta tutkimusta slaavien alkuperästä eräässä blogissa.
Our current understanding is that the earliest Slavs lay on an isolation-by-distance (genetic and probably linguistic) cline: Germanic, Baltic, Slavic speakers, and Scythian/Sarmatians. Some genetic interactions between the earliest Slavs in the 2nd-3rd cc. CE and the Steppe groups are detected with IBD sharing, however indeed the genetic profile of the earliest Slavs is overwhelmingly "northern".
Utevska, O., Saag, L., Bandrivskyi, M., Pavliv, D., Zadnikov, S. & Shramko, I.
Genetic affiliation of Lusatian and Vysotska populations in Late Bronze Age Northwestern Ukraine.
POPGEN 2026 Conference, sivu 28. Population Genetics from the Baltic Perspective: Past Migrations and Relations.
The study examines the genetic affiliation of populations in the north-western forest and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine at the end of the Bronze Age, prior to the subsequent migration of groups bearing steppe ancestry into the North Pontic region. This territory was occupied by the Lusatian and Vysotska cultures, which formed part of the Central European Urnfield cultural complex (1300–750 BC). The ethnic identity of the Ukrainian Lusatian culture remains uncertain; hypotheses have ranged from Celtic or Germanic origins to associations with Proto-Slavic groups. The ethnic identity of the Vysotska culture has not been systematically defined, although researchers have emphasized its distinctiveness and local character. In this context, an important objective is to analyze these cultures in terms of their demographic origins and genetic contacts with European populations.
We sequenced and analyzed ancient genomes attributed to the Lusatian (Rovantsi cemetery, 1000–700 BCE) and Early Vysotska (Petrykiv cemetery, 1300–800 BCE) cultures [3]. [...] In our work [3], we showed that the studied groups cluster close to modern Ukrainians on the PCA plot yet differ in their qpAdm and ADMIXTURE proportions. Early Vysotska individuals were cladal with the steppe-related Zrubna (Srubnaya) population, whereas the Vysotska and Lusatian groups were non-cladal.
Further analysis using outgroup f3 statistics demonstrates that both populations share the highest levels of genetic drift with European hunter-gatherers. When restricted to Bronze Age comparisons, both groups show stronger genetic affinity to western and northern populations, including Baltic Bronze Age communities and Corded Ware and Bell Beaker groups from Germany and Poland.
At the same time, clear differences are observed using f4 statistics. The Lusatian group exhibits significant gene flow from Czech Bronze Age cultural groups, suggesting contacts or migration processes linked to the Middle Danube Urnfield sphere. In contrast, the Vysotska genetic profile is characterized by a Srubnaya-related substrate and increased shared drift with European Early Farmers, possibly mediated through adjacent Thracian Hallstatt groups.